2009

Conclusion
The Great Horse Manure Crisis of 1894 triggered a massive public reaction and calls for both political reforms and technological revolution.  The first environmental health and safety regulations were created.  The scope, depth and consequences of such regulations continues to grow.  The transportation revolution created many new industries and forever changed the culture and character of urban life.  Perhaps most significantly, the Great Manure Horse Crisis provides a model for tackling future challenges.

Cartoon of New York City Streets in late 1800s. UrbanLifeCartoon.